• Batu Khan (c. 1207–1255), a grandson of Genghis Khan, established the Golden Horde in the western part of the Mongol Empire, which ruled over Russia and Eastern Europe for centuries.
   

• Hulagu Khan (c. 1217–1265), another grandson, founded the Ilkhanate in Persia after devastating campaigns in the Middle East, including the destruction of Baghdad in 1258.
   

• Toghon Temür (1320–1370) was the last Yuan emperor before the dynasty was overthrown by the Ming in 1368, marking the decline of Mongol rule in China.
   

The Legacy of Mongol Rulers

The Mongol rulers transformed a collection of nomadic tribes into a vast empire that linked the East and West like never before. Their leadership promoted unprecedented military efficiency, communication networks, and cultural exchange.

Though the Mongol Empire eventually fragmented into various khanates, the legacy of these rulers is evident in the history of many modern nations, from China and Russia to the Middle East and Europe.

Their ability to govern diverse peoples and territories under a relatively tolerant and pragmatic system set a precedent for future empires. shutdown123